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Citation Formats and Style Guides

Introduction

When and how do I cite a source within the text?

You must document your source whenever you directly quote, paraphrase, or summarize another's idea. Immediately after you quote or write about the idea, identify your source parenthetically (usually the author's last name with the relevant page number, but consult your citation style's handbook to be sure). 

If using Turabian/Chicago, enter a superscript number and a Note or Footnote (Notes-Bibliography style) or parenthetically (Author-Date style).

Why should I cite sources (besides avoiding plagiarism)?

Citing sources is very important when writing academic papers. Avoiding plagiarism is not the only reason! When writing a paper, you are entering an ongoing conversation, and it is important to remember that your work is building on the work of others. Here are some great reasons why you should cite your sources:

  • You are showing that your ideas are built on existing information.
  • You are acknowledging that you have taken the time to seek out information from experts in the field.
  • You are demonstrating to readers that you understood the information well enough to discuss it at length (be proud of this!)
  • If a reader is interested in continuing their research, they can follow your sources to see what other information is out there.

Give credit where credit is due!

Reasons for citing adapted from UNC University Libraries (see what I've done here?)

Where do I write my citations?

Your citations will go at the end of your document - each style calls this page something different. It will be Works Cited (MLA), References (APA), or Bibliography (Turabian/Chicago). 

This section is an alphabetical list of all the sources you cited in your paper. Some citation styles also allow for inclusion of sources consulted but not cited (Turabian) or other Notes (MLA).

They will be presented in hanging-indent style, which is the reverse of the indentation you would use for a paragraph. You can follow these steps before or after you write out your citations. There is an easy way to set this formatting in Microsoft Word:

From the paragraph section, select Spacing Options.

Select Line Spacing Options

Underneath Indentation, select Hanging from the dropdown menu pictured here:

It should default to 0.5", but if not, use the arrows to change the value.

Select OK and you're done!

Many citation styles require you to include a DOI at the end of a citation for scholarly journal articles. A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a journal article's permanent "home" on the Internet. Unlike typical web links, DOIs cannot change and cannot be deleted.